Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)- All you need to know

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent hormonal disorder impacting roughly 10% of women of reproductive age. This condition is characterized by a complex interplay of hormonal imbalances, primarily elevated insulin and androgens, which can lead to various health concerns and symptoms.

Symptoms of PCOS

The manifestations of PCOS can differ significantly from one woman to another and may vary over a lifetime. Symptoms

can be categorized as follows:

• Menstrual Irregularities: Women may experience infrequent, irregular, or absent periods, which can disrupt normal reproductive function.

• Hirsutism: Excessive hair growth on the face, chest, and back is common due to elevated androgen levels.

• Alopecia: Many women with PCOS report thinning hair or male-pattern baldness.

• Acne and Skin Conditions: Hormonal fluctuations can lead to persistent acne, pimples, or skin rashes, often worsening during hormonal shifts.

• Weight Management Issues: Weight gain or difficulty maintaining a healthy weight is frequently observed, particularly among those with insulin resistance.

• Emotional Distress: Women with PCOS may face psychological challenges such as anxiety, depression, and stress due to their symptoms and related social pressures.

Understanding the Causes

While the precise cause of PCOS remains unclear, a combination of genetic and environmental factors appears to contribute to its development. Research indicates that women with a family history of PCOS may have a higher risk, with approximately one-third having a close relative diagnosed with the condition.

Insulin resistance plays a pivotal role in PCOS. Approximately 85% of those affected have elevated insulin levels, which can lead to an increase in androgen production by the ovaries. This hormonal imbalance often triggers various symptoms associated with PCOS, affecting women across all weight categories. However, women with higher body weight may experience more pronounced symptoms due to increased hormone levels. Importantly, even modest weight loss of 5% to 10% can significantly improve hormonal balance and alleviate symptoms.

Diagnostic Criteria

If you suspect you may have PCOS, it is vital to consult a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis. The diagnostic process typically includes:

• Medical History Review: Your doctor will assess your personal and family medical histories to identify risk factors and symptoms.

• Physical Examination: This may include measuring your weight and calculating your Body Mass Index (BMI).

• Laboratory Tests: Blood tests may be conducted to check for elevated androgen levels and other hormonal imbalances.

PCOS can be diagnosed based on the presence of two or more of the following criteria:

1. Irregular Menstrual Cycles: Evidence of inconsistent or absent periods.

2. Clinical Signs of Androgen Excess: These may include acne, hirsutism, or elevated androgen levels detected in blood tests.

3. Ultrasound Findings: The presence of polycystic ovaries observed through imaging techniques.

In some cases, a referral to a specialist, such as an endocrinologist or gynaecologist, may be necessary for further evaluation and management. Early diagnosis is crucial as it allows for timely intervention to manage symptoms and mitigate long-term health risks, including diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Managing Fertility and Pregnancy

While many women with PCOS can conceive naturally, some may encounter challenges and require fertility assistance. Understanding the implications of PCOS on fertility is essential for planning pregnancy. Exploring options to enhance fertility, such as lifestyle modifications and medical treatments, can be beneficial.

Treatment Strategies

Managing PCOS often requires a multi-faceted approach, involving various healthcare professionals, including:

• Endocrinologists: Hormonal specialists who can provide insight into managing hormonal imbalances.

• Gynaecologists: Experts in reproductive health who can assist with menstrual and fertility issues.

• Dietitians: Professionals who can guide dietary changes to improve health outcomes.

• Dermatologists: Specialists who can address skin-related concerns, including acne and hair loss.

• Exercise Physiologists: Experts who can create personalized exercise programs to promote physical activity.

• Fertility Specialists: Professionals dedicated to helping women conceive.

• Mental Health Professionals: Support for emotional well-being, addressing anxiety or depression related to PCOS.

A comprehensive treatment plan should include:

• Healthy Lifestyle Choices: Adopting a balanced diet rich in whole foods, maintaining a healthy weight, and engaging in regular physical activity can greatly improve symptoms.

• Weight Management: Even modest weight loss can lead to significant improvements in hormonal balance and symptom relief.

• Medication: Depending on individual symptoms, medications may be prescribed. For example, hormonal contraceptives can regulate menstrual cycles, manage acne, and reduce excessive hair growth.

When to Seek Medical Advice

It is essential to seek medical attention if you experience:

• Difficulty Losing Weight: If you find it challenging to manage your weight despite efforts.

• Impact on Daily Life: If your symptoms interfere significantly with your daily activities and quality of life.

• Lack of Improvement: If your symptoms persist or worsen despite treatment.